Utilization of HACCP approach for evaluating integrity of treatment barriers for reuse

Water supply is usually continuous, and interruptions to supply are expensive and inconvenient. Most direct tests for the waterborne pathogens that cause illness are too slow and expensive to be used for the routine monitoring of water safety. Instead, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system, which was originally developed and implemented in the food industry, has been applied to manage microbiological and chemical contaminants in water treatment plants. This research extended the HACCP approach to water recycling and reclamation processes, by completing a literature review, collating and analysing existing datasets and case studies, conducting a gap analysis, running some pilot trials and preparing three HACCP template plans for use by water utilities, including those in America, when developing their own HACCP systems.